Chiến thuật IELTS Reading – Dạng 5: Table Completion – Excellent Tips for Table Completion Questions

Trong bài viết này, IPP sẽ hướng dẫn chiến thuật làm bài dạng Table Completion để đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading.

Chiến thuật IELTS Reading – Dạng Table Completion

1. Các bước làm bài dạng Table Completion trong IELTS Reading

+ STEP 01: xem kỹ diagram trong đề bài và xác định word form của những từ cần điền vào trong diagram (là noun, verb, hay adjective), xem kỹ yêu cầu đề bài => điền bao nhiêu từ vào chỗ trống. Ví dụ: RITE ONE WORD ONLY // WRITE TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER // WRITE THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER. Các từ ghép như one-year, three-layer tính là một từ.

+ STEP 02: Lưu ý là đoạn chứa thông tin để điền trong table đưa ra thường gói gọn trong 1-2 đoạn văn cố định trong bài, tuyệt đối không trải dài cả bài. Thứ tự xuất hiện của các từ bạn cần điền có thể không đi theo thứ tự của đoạn văn nhưng chắc chắc là nằm gọn trong 1-2 đoạn. => Xác định rõ đoạn văn chứa thông tin trong bài. 

+ STEP 03: Dựa vào keywords để locate chính xác từng câu miêu tả diagram nằm ở đâu trong bài. Phân tích và đối chiếu các SYNONYMS trong đoạn text với các từ trong table. Lựa chọn thật kỹ nội dung, số lượng từ có thể điền vào. 

• Trong table sẽ viết rất rõ đối tượng của hành động/tính chất đó => đọc kỹ và điền đúng ô trống. Thứ tự xuất hiện các thông tin được viết sẵn trong table sẽ tuân theo thứ tự xuất hiện trong bài => dựa vào đó tìm vị trí đáp án trong bài đọc.

QUESTIONS

Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage for each answer.

READING TEXT

Salinity

It has long been recognized that our land uses, including agricultural development, have significantly changed Australia’s landscapes and natural systems. However, we have not always appreciated the magnitude of change in the soil, water, and nutrient balances, the resultant degradation, and the costs to the wider Australian community. The timeframe for these changes is to be slowed or reversed. Changes to the Australian landscape have resulted in the widespread and rapidly growing problem of dryland salinity. Farmers were among the first to be affected, by the salinization of rivers and agricultural land. Biodiversity, as well as regional and urban infrastructure, such as water supply, roads and buildings, are now also at risk. Two broad forms of salinity are recognized in Australia [từ câu này mới xuất hiện “two forms of salinity”]. Primary or naturally occurring salinity is part of the Australian landscape and reflects the development of this landscape over time. Examples are the marine plains found around the coastline of Australia and the salt lakes in central and Western Australia [Q1]. Salts are distributed widely across Australian landscapes. They originate mainly from depositions of oceanic salt from rain and wind [Q2&Q3]. Salt stored in the soil or groundwater is concentrated through evaporation and transpiration by plants [Q4&Q5]. In a healthy catchment, salt is slowly leached downwards and stored below the root zone, or out of the system. Secondary salinity is the salinization of land and water resources due to land use impacts by people [Q7]. It includes salinity that results from water table rises from irrigation systems — irrigation salinity, and from dryland management systems — dryland salinity [Q8&Q9]. Both forms of salinity are due to accelerated rising water tables mobilizing salt in the soil. There is no fundamental difference in the hydrologic process. Where the water balance has been altered due to changing land use (e.g. clearing of native vegetation for broadacre farming or grazing), the excess water entering water tables mobilizes salt which then rises to the land surface. The movement of water drives salinization processes and may move the stored salt towards the soil surface or into surface water bodies [Q11].

VOCABULARY LIST

• salinity (n.): độ mặn – vấn đề đất bị nhiễm mặn 
• marine plains (n.): đồng bằng biển
• coastline (n.): bờ biển
• originate (v.): bắt nguồn
• depositions (n.): sự lắng đọng
• concentrated (adj.): cô đặc
• evaporation (n.): sự bay hơi
• transpiration (n.): sự thoát hơi nước
• irrigation systems (n.): hệ thống thủy lợi

KEY & EXPLANATION

2. Practice test

Questions 01 – 05 [Duration: 12 mins] 

STEPWELLS

A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era.

During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention – the stepwell – goes beyond its utilitarian application.

Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers.

As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it: when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated.

Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter.

Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasn’t been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.

However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state.

In Patan, the state’s ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queen’s Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.

Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells.

One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji.

In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of India’s oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically it’s perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps.

Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source.

Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the country’s rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence.

VOCABULARY LIST

• gain access to (collo): tiếp cận với
• irrigation (noun): tưới tiêu => irrigate (verb)
• utilitarian (adj.): useful (đa dụng, có lợi)
• complex (adj.): phức tạp
• worship (n.): thờ cúng
• be dotted (adj.) around [someplace]: rải rác  
• be positioned: be situated => vị trí đặt ở đâu
• descend (v.): to go down => hạ cánh đi xuống 
• tiers (n.): lớp, nhiều lớp 
• impressive features: đặc tính nổi trội
• intricate (adj.): having many complex details => phức tạp nhiều chi tiết
• decorative (adj.): mang tính trang trí  
• embellish (v.): trang trí
• manifold (adj.) = varied: đa dạng
• originate from [sth] (verb): bắt nguồn từ 
• embark on our ascent to [sth] (phrase): bắt đầu tiến trình đi lên
• sophistication (n.): sự phức tạp tinh tế
• ingenious (adj.): bản địa, bản chất 
• simplicity (n.) => simple (adj.) 
• infinite (adj.): không giới hạn 
• renowned (adj.) = famous 
• disclose to (v.): bật mí // rò thông tin 
• paradox (n.): nghịch lý
  

Questions 01 – 05

Complete the table below.

Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 01-05 on your answer sheet.

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